This article by Ryan Dezember originally appeared in the Wall Street Journal.
Ever since last decade’s foreclosure crisis, institutional investors have been gobbling up single-family houses and becoming landlords. They have criteria just like individual buyers: three or more bedrooms, two baths, a garage, good schools, low crime, high rental yields—and bright, sunlit kitchens. Unlike them, investors buy in volume and don’t have time to go to thousands of showings.
Enter Mr. Kay’s computers.
On any given day, there are tens of thousands of properties available for sale in each of the booming markets where these investors are active, including Atlanta, Charlotte and Nashville. They have many places to look: the multiple listing services that Realtors compile, online sellers, lists of non performing bank loans, foreclosure auctions.
Mr. Kay, who had built data platforms for the U.S. Energy Department and ConocoPhillips, started buying rental properties in Texas in 2010 at the depths of the housing crash. He used machine learning to mine mountains of home listings for those that might attract the type of tenants he wanted. For Mr. Kay and like-minded investors, that typically meant families seeking suburban lifestyles.
Rivals noticed Mr. Kay’s knack for snapping up plum rental properties and some asked for help. The company he and his partners created to work with them, Entera Technology LLC, is now one of several racing to apply sophisticated technology to Wall Street’s house hunt.
Progress Residential, which has built the third-largest pool of rental homes in the U.S., says its proprietary technology can find properties fitting its investment criteria within minutes of their listing. Following the housing crash, Amherst Residential, which has purchased and manages about 20,000 rental houses, adapted its existing system for valuing mortgage-backed securities to churn out acquisition leads, estimate renovation costs and predict rental yields. A.J. Steigman, a former child chess champion and investment banker, won funding and a prominent business-school competition this spring for a plan to use pattern-recognition software to identify mispriced homes.
“The financial crisis created a catalyst for a lot of institutional capital and minds to tackle the opportunity, but technology is what really transformed this into a business,” said Drew Flahive, Amherst Residential’s president.
In Amherst’s Manhattan office, employees search screens showing available homes in each ZIP Code. At the click of a mouse, the projected rental yields pops up above each property on a map. The estimates arise from a multitude of inputs, including renovation costs, which machine-learning tools constantly adjust to account for the outcomes of completed jobs on similar properties. Amherst has invested more than $100 million in the system, which has helped the firm pin renovation estimates to within about 5% of actual costs, down from the 20% overruns that were routine a few years ago, executives said.
For Entera, the technology became the business. Mr. Kay and his partners have been selling the Texas homes they bought after the crash to fund Entera’s transition to a software company, reasoning that their specialty was big data, not collecting rent. Plus, their rivals had much more to spend, and there is a potentially huge market of smaller investors for the company’s services.
Early customers included American Residential Properties Inc. and Colony American Homes Inc., which are now part of American Homes 4 Rent and Invitation Homes Inc., respectively. Entera continues to be among the technology providers to Invitation, which owns more than 80,000 houses.
Like a dating app, Entera starts by asking clients what they want. Besides screening for easily quantifiable characteristics like age, number of rooms, square footage, school district, property taxes and flood-zone status, it also attempts to measure qualitative aspects and uses algorithms to predict future value. The mere act of shopping on Entera’s platform—including saying no to some prospects—informs the artificial intelligence, which refines its hunt to suit each investor. “The machine will notice they keep rejecting houses on a busy street,” Mr. Kay said.
To determine whether a house has a sunny kitchen, Entera first taught a computer what a kitchen looks like by feeding it tens thousands of photos of indoor cooking spaces and telling it, “This is a kitchen, this is a kitchen, this is a kitchen,” Mr. Kay said. The same was done for brightness and its sources: windows and light fixtures.
Once the computer got the picture, it started scanning listing photos. It also pores over written property descriptions for keywords. When more detailed information is available, like the location of the kitchen within, the software sizes up the house’s orientation and looks for any obvious obstructions to light entering, like a big tree outside or a building next door. Want a chef’s kitchen? The computer will hunt for multiple sinks or a second refrigerator, and possibly compare the square footage to that of the rest of the house, Mr. Kay said.
Several factors go into predicting financial returns and future value, including proximity to a Starbucks, yoga studio or tattoo parlor—and whether a tattoo parlor signals a neighborhood on the upswing. It probably does if exercise studios and coffee shops are nearby, Mr. Kay says.
Entera handles demographic data delicately to avoid violating the 1968 Fair Housing Act, which prohibits discrimination by lenders, sellers and landlords based on race, religion, sex, family status and disability. It applies also to real estate agents and others who facilitate housing deals.
Technology’s rising role in the real estate market has sparked debate about how to uphold the law. The Department of Housing and Urban Development last month brought a complaint against Facebook Inc., alleging it violated the Fair Housing Act by allowing landlords and sellers to steer housing ads away from users who expressed interest in handicap accessibility, parenting, or particular countries or religions.
In all, Entera attempts to catalog about 850 characteristics for each property as well as thousands of other data points detailing the neighborhood, the home’s location and financial information. The software suggests an offer price based on nearby sales activity. It’s even plugged into Home Depot ’s website, so it can spit out remodeling budgets based on the finishes and appliances with which each investor outfits its properties.
Once an investor chooses a house, humans take over: Entera dispatches a representative to double-check the property’s condition and complete the sale.
